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| Titel |
Model calculations of the effects of present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea |
| VerfasserIn |
J. E. Jonson, J. P. Jalkanen, L. Johansson, M. Gauss, H. A. C. Denier van der Gon |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 15, no. 2 ; Nr. 15, no. 2 (2015-01-22), S.783-798 |
| Datensatznummer |
250119339
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-15-783-2015.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
Land-based emissions of air pollutants in Europe have steadily
decreased over the past two decades, and this decrease is expected
to continue. Within the same time span emissions from shipping have
increased in EU ports and in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea,
defined as SECAs (sulfur emission control areas), although recently
sulfur emissions, and subsequently particle emissions, have decreased.
The maximum allowed sulfur content in marine fuels in EU
ports is now 0.1%, as required by the European Union sulfur
directive. In the SECAs the maximum fuel content of sulfur is
currently 1% (the global average is about 2.4%). This will
be reduced to 0.1% from 2015, following the new International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules.
In order to assess the effects of ship emissions in and around the
Baltic Sea and the North Sea, regional model calculations with the
EMEP air pollution model have been made on a 1/4°
longitude × 1/8° latitude resolution, using ship
emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea that are based on
accurate ship positioning data. The effects on depositions and air
pollution and the resulting number of years of life lost (YOLLs) have
been calculated by comparing model calculations with and without
ship emissions in the two sea areas. In 2010 stricter regulations
for sulfur emissions were implemented in the two sea areas, reducing
the maximum sulfur content allowed in marine fuels from 1.5 to 1%.
In addition ships were required to use fuels with 0.1 % sulfur in
EU harbours. The calculations have been
made with emissions representative of 2009 and 2011, i.e. before and
after the implementation of the stricter controls on sulfur emissions
from 2010. The calculations with present emissions show that per
person, an additional 0.1–0.2 years of life lost is
estimated in areas close to the major ship tracks with current
emission levels. Comparisons of model calculations with emissions
before and after the implementation of stricter emission control on
sulfur show a general decrease in calculated particle
concentration. At the same time, however, an increase in ship
activity has resulted in higher emissions of other components, and
subsequently air concentrations, in particular of NOx, especially
in and around several major ports.
Additional model calculations have been made with land-based and
ship emissions representative of year 2030. Following a decrease in
emissions from all sectors, air quality is expected to improve, and depositions to be
reduced. Particles from shipping are expected to decrease as
a result of emission controls in the SECAs. Further controls of
NOx emissions from shipping are not decided, and
calculations are presented with and without such controls. |
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