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| Titel |
Response of fine particulate matter concentrations to changes of emissions and temperature in Europe |
| VerfasserIn |
A. G. Megaritis, C. Fountoukis, P. E. Charalampidis, C. Pilinis, S. N. Pandis |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 13, no. 6 ; Nr. 13, no. 6 (2013-03-26), S.3423-3443 |
| Datensatznummer |
250018541
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-13-3423-2013.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| PMCAMx-2008, a three dimensional chemical transport model (CTM), was applied
in Europe to quantify the changes in fine particle (PM2.5)
concentration in response to different emission reductions as well as to
temperature increase. A summer and a winter simulation period were used, to
investigate the seasonal dependence of the PM2.5 response to 50%
reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxides
(NOx), anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
anthropogenic primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions and also to
temperature increases of 2.5 and 5 K. Reduction of NH3 emissions seems
to be the most effective control strategy for reducing PM2.5, in both
periods, resulting in a decrease of PM2.5 up to 5.1 μg m−3
and 1.8 μg m−3 (5.5% and 4% on average) during summer and
winter respectively, mainly due to reduction of ammonium nitrate
(NH4NO3) (20% on average in both periods). The reduction
of SO2 emissions decreases PM2.5 in both periods having a
significant effect over the Balkans (up to 1.6 μg m−3) during the
modeled summer period, mainly due to decrease of sulfate (34% on average
over the Balkans). The anthropogenic POA control strategy reduces total OA
by 15% during the modeled winter period and 8% in the summer period.
The reduction of total OA is higher in urban areas close to its emissions
sources. A slight decrease of OA (8% in the modeled summer period and
4% in the modeled winter period) is also predicted after a 50%
reduction of VOCs emissions due to the decrease of anthropogenic SOA. The
reduction of NOx emissions reduces PM2.5 (up to 3.4 μg m−3) during the summer period, due to a decrease of NH4NO3,
causing although an increase of ozone concentration in major urban areas and
over Western Europe. Additionally, the NOx control strategy actually
increases PM2.5 levels during the winter period, due to more oxidants
becoming available to react with SO2 and VOCs. The increase of
temperature results in a decrease of PM2.5 in both periods over Central
Europe, mainly due to a decrease of NH4NO3 during summer (18%)
and fresh POA during wintertime (35%). Significant increases of OA are
predicted during the summer due mainly to the increase of biogenic VOC
emissions. On the contrary, OA is predicted to decrease in the modeled
winter period due to the dominance of fresh POA reduction and the small
biogenic SOA contribution to OA. The resulting increase of oxidant levels
from the temperature rise lead to an increase of sulfate levels in both
periods, mainly over North Europe and the Atlantic Ocean. The substantial
reduction of PM2.5 components due to emissions reductions of their
precursors outlines the importance of emissions for improving air quality,
while the sensitivity of PM2.5 concentrations to temperature changes
indicate that climate interactions need to be considered when predicting
future levels of PM, with different net effects in different parts of
Europe. |
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