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| Titel |
Global and regional emission estimates for HCFC-22 |
| VerfasserIn |
E. Saikawa, M. Rigby, R. G. Prinn, S. A. Montzka, B. R. Miller, L. J. M. Kuijpers, P. J. B. Fraser, M. K. Vollmer, T. Saito, Y. Yokouchi, C. M. Harth, J. Mühle, R. F. Weiss, P. K. Salameh, J. Kim, S. Li, S. Park, K.-R. Kim, D. Young, S. O'Doherty, P. G. Simmonds, A. McCulloch, P. B. Krummel, L. P. Steele, C. Lunder, O. Hermansen, M. Maione, J. Arduini, B. Yao, L. X. Zhou, H. J. Wang, J. W. Elkins, B. Hall |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 12, no. 21 ; Nr. 12, no. 21 (2012-11-01), S.10033-10050 |
| Datensatznummer |
250011550
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-12-10033-2012.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| HCFC-22 (CHClF2, chlorodifluoromethane) is an ozone-depleting substance
(ODS) as well as a significant greenhouse gas (GHG). HCFC-22 has been used
widely as a refrigerant fluid in cooling and air-conditioning equipment since
the 1960s, and it has also served as a traditional substitute for some
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) controlled under the Montreal Protocol. A low
frequency record on tropospheric HCFC-22 since the late 1970s is available
from measurements of the Southern Hemisphere Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA) and
a few Northern Hemisphere air samples (mostly from Trinidad Head) using the
Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) instrumentation and
calibrations. Since the 1990s high-frequency, high-precision, in
situ HCFC-22 measurements have been collected at these AGAGE stations. Since
1992, the Global Monitoring Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) has also
collected flasks on a weekly basis from remote sites across the globe and
analyzed them for a suite of halocarbons including HCFC-22. Additionally,
since 2006 flasks have been collected approximately daily at a number of
tower sites across the US and analyzed for halocarbons and other gases at
NOAA. All results show an increase in the atmospheric mole fractions of
HCFC-22, and recent data show a growth rate of approximately 4% per year,
resulting in an increase in the background atmospheric mole fraction by a
factor of 1.7 from 1995 to 2009. Using data on HCFC-22 consumption submitted
to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), as well as existing
bottom-up emission estimates, we first create globally-gridded a
priori HCFC-22 emissions over the 15 yr since 1995. We then use the
three-dimensional chemical transport model, Model for Ozone and Related
Chemical Tracers version 4 (MOZART v4), and a Bayesian inverse method to
estimate global as well as regional annual emissions. Our inversion indicates
that the global HCFC-22 emissions have an increasing trend between 1995 and
2009. We further find a surge in HCFC-22 emissions between 2005 and 2009 from developing
countries in Asia – the largest emitting region including China and India.
Globally, substantial emissions continue despite production and consumption
being phased out in developed countries currently. |
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