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| Titel |
Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate |
| VerfasserIn |
M. Schaap, M. Loon, H. M. Brink, F. J. Dentener, P. J. H. Builtjes |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 4, no. 3 ; Nr. 4, no. 3 (2004-06-15), S.857-874 |
| Datensatznummer |
250001723
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-4-857-2004.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Nitrate is an important component of (secondary inorganic) fine aerosols in Europe. We present
a model simulation for the year 1995 in which we account for the formation of secondary inorganic
aerosols including ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, a semi volatile component. For this
purpose, the chemistry-transport model LOTOS was extended with a thermodynamic equilibrium module
and additional relevant processes to account for secondary aerosol formation and deposition. During
winter, fall and especially spring high nitrate levels are projected over north western, central
and eastern Europe. During winter nitrate concentrations are highest in Italy, in accordance with
observed data. In winter nitric acid, the precursor for aerosol nitrate is formed through
heterogeneous reactions on the surface of aerosols. Modelled and observed sulphate concentrations
show little seasonal variation. Compared to sulphate levels, appreciable ammonium nitrate concentrations
in summer are limited to those areas with high ammonia emissions, e.g. the Netherlands, since high
ammonia concentrations are necessary to stabilise this aerosol component at high temperatures. As
a consequence of the strong seasonal variation in nitrate levels the AOD depth of nitrate over
Europe is especially significant compared to that of sulphate in winter and spring when equal
AOD values are calculated over large parts of Europe. Averaged over all stations the model
reproduces the measured concentrations for NO3, SO4, NH4, TNO3 (HNO3+NO3),
TNH4 (NH3+NH4) and SO2
within 20%. The daily variation is captured well, albeit that the model does not always represent
the amplitude of single events. The model underestimates wet deposition which was attributed to the
crude representation of cloud processes. Comparison of retrieved and computed aerosol optical depth (AOD)
showed that the model underestimates AOD significantly, which was expected due to the lack of
carbonaceous aerosols, sea salt and dust in the model. The treatment of ammonia was found to
be a major source for uncertainties in the model representation of secondary aerosols. Also,
inclusion of sea salt is necessary to properly assess the nitrate and nitric acid levels in marine areas. |
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