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| Titel |
Modeling the snow surface temperature with a one-layer energy balance snowmelt model |
| VerfasserIn |
J. You, D. G. Tarboton, C. H. Luce |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1027-5606
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ; 18, no. 12 ; Nr. 18, no. 12 (2014-12-11), S.5061-5076 |
| Datensatznummer |
250120557
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/hess-18-5061-2014.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Snow surface temperature is a key control on and result of dynamically
coupled energy exchanges at the snow surface. The snow surface temperature
is the result of the balance between external forcing (incoming radiation)
and energy exchanges above the surface that depend on surface temperature
(outgoing longwave radiation and turbulent fluxes) and the transport of
energy into the snow by conduction and meltwater influx. Because of the
strong insulating properties of snow, thermal gradients in snow packs are
large and nonlinear, a fact that has led many to advocate multiple layer
snowmelt models over single layer models. In an effort to keep snowmelt
modeling simple and parsimonious, the Utah Energy Balance (UEB) snowmelt
model used only one layer but allowed the snow surface temperature to be
different from the snow average temperature by using an equilibrium gradient
parameterization based on the surface energy balance. Although this
procedure was considered an improvement over the ordinary single layer
snowmelt models, it still resulted in discrepancies between modeled and
measured snowpack energy contents. In this paper we evaluate the equilibrium
gradient approach, the force-restore approach, and a modified force-restore
approach when they are integrated as part of a complete energy and mass
balance snowmelt model. The force-restore and modified force-restore
approaches have not been incorporated into the UEB in early versions, even
though Luce and Tartoton have done work in calculating the energy components
using these approaches. In addition, we evaluate a scheme for representing
the penetration of a refreezing front in cold periods following melt. We
introduce a method to adjust effective conductivity to account for the
presence of ground near to a shallow snow surface. These parameterizations
were tested against data from the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, CA, Utah
State University experimental farm, UT, and subnivean snow laboratory at
Niwot Ridge, CO. These tests compare modeled and measured snow surface
temperature, snow energy content, snow water equivalent, and snowmelt
outflow. We found that with these refinements the model is able to better
represent the snowpack energy balance and internal energy content while
still retaining a parsimonious one layer format. |
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