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| Titel |
Air quality simulations of wildfires in the Pacific Northwest evaluated with surface and satellite observations during the summers of 2007 and 2008 |
| VerfasserIn |
F. L. Herron-Thorpe, G. H. Mount, L. K. Emmons, B. K. Lamb, D. A. Jaffe, N. L. Wigder, S. H. Chung, R. Zhang, M. D. Woelfle, J. K. Vaughan |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 14, no. 22 ; Nr. 14, no. 22 (2014-11-27), S.12533-12551 |
| Datensatznummer |
250119195
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-14-12533-2014.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Evaluation of a regional air quality forecasting system for the Pacific
Northwest was carried out using a suite of surface and satellite
observations. Wildfire events for the 2007 and 2008 fire seasons were
simulated using the Air Information Report for Public Access and Community
Tracking v.3 (AIRPACT-3) framework utilizing the Community Multi-scale Air
Quality (CMAQ) model. Fire emissions were simulated using the BlueSky
framework with fire locations determined by the Satellite Mapping Automated
Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation (SMARTFIRE). Plume rise was
simulated using two different methods: the Fire Emission Production
Simulator (FEPS) and the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE)
model. Predicted plume top heights were compared to the Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR
with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument aboard the Cloud Aerosol
LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite.
Carbon monoxide predictions were compared to the Atmospheric InfraRed
Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard the Aqua satellite. Horizontal
distributions of column aerosol optical depth (AOD) were compared to
retrievals by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
instrument aboard the Aqua satellite. Model tropospheric nitrogen dioxide
distributions were compared to retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring
Instrument (OMI) aboard the Aura satellite. Surface ozone and PM2.5
predictions were compared to surface observations. The AIRPACT-3 model
captured the location and transport direction of fire events well, but
sometimes missed the timing of fire events and overall underestimated the
PM2.5 impact of wildfire events at surface monitor locations. During the
2007 (2008) fire period, the fractional biases (FBs) of AIRPACT-3 for various
pollutant observations included: average 24 h PM2.5 FB = −33% (−27%);
maximum daily average 8 h ozone FB = −8% (+1%); AOD FB = −61%
(−53%); total column CO FB = −10% (−5%); and tropospheric column
NO2 FB = −39% (−28%). The bias in total column CO is within the
range of expected error. Fractional biases of AIRPACT-3 plume tops were
found to be −46% when compared in terms of above mean sea level,
but only −28% when compared in terms of above ground level, partly
due to the under-estimation of AIRPACT-3 ground height in complex terrain
that results from the 12 km grid-cell smoothing. We conclude that aerosol
predictions were too low for locations greater than ~100–300 km downwind from wildfire sources and that model predictions are likely
under-predicting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, due to a
combination of very low volatile organic compound (VOC) emission factors used in the United States
Forest Service Consume model, an incomplete speciation of VOC to SOA
precursors in SMOKE, and under-prediction by the SOA parameterization within
CMAQ. |
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