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| Titel |
Emission factors of SO2, NOx and particles from ships in Neva Bay from ground-based and helicopter-borne measurements and AIS-based modeling |
| VerfasserIn |
J. Beecken, J. Mellqvist, K. Salo, J. Ekholm, J.-P. Jalkanen, L. Johansson, V. Litvinenko, K. Volodin, D. A. Frank-Kamenetsky |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 15, no. 9 ; Nr. 15, no. 9 (2015-05-11), S.5229-5241 |
| Datensatznummer |
250119705
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-15-5229-2015.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Emission factors of SO2, NOx and size-distributed particle numbers
were measured for approximately 300 different ships in the Gulf of Finland
and Neva Bay area during two campaigns in August/September 2011 and
June/July 2012. The measurements were carried out from a harbor vessel and
from an Mi-8 helicopter downwind of passing ships. Other measurements were
carried out from shore sites near the island of Kronstadt and along the
Neva River in the urban area of Saint Petersburg. Most ships were running at
reduced speed (10 kn), i.e., not at their optimal load. Vessels for
domestic and international shipping were monitored. It was seen that the
distribution of the SO2 emission factors is bi-modal, with averages of
4.6 and 18.2 gSO2 kgfuel-1 for the lower and the higher mode, respectively. The
emission factors show compliance with the 1% fuel sulfur content Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA)
limit for 90% of the vessels in 2011 and 97% in 2012. The
distribution of the NOx emission factor is mono-modal, with an average
of 58 gNOx kgfuel-1. The corresponding emission
related to the generated power yields an average of
12.1 gNOx kWh−1. The distribution of the emission
factors for particulate number shows that nearly 90% of all particles in
the 5.6 nm to 10 μm size range were below 70 nm in diameter. The
distribution of the corresponding emission factors for the mass indicates
two separated main modes, one for particles between 30 and 300 nm and the other
for above 2 μm. The average particle emission factors were found to be in
the range from 0.7 to 2.7 × 1016 particles kgfuel-1 and
0.2 to 3.4 gPM kgfuel-1, respectively. The NOx and particulate emissions
are comparable with other studies. The measured emission factors were
compared, for individual ships, to modeled ones using the Ship Traffic
Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. A
reasonably good agreement for gaseous sulfur and nitrogen emissions can be
seen for ships in international traffic, but significant deviations are
found for inland vessels. Regarding particulate mass, the values of the modeled data are
about 2–3 times higher than the measured results, which probably reflects
the assumptions made in the modeled fuel sulfur content. The sulfur contents
in the fuel retrieved from the measurements were lower than the previously
used assumptions by the City of Saint Petersburg when carrying out
atmospheric modeling, and using these measurements it was possible to better
assess the impact of shipping on air quality. |
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