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| Titel |
Organic, elemental and inorganic carbon in particulate matter of six urban environments in Europe |
| VerfasserIn |
M. Sillanpää, A. Frey, R. Hillamo, A. S. Pennanen, R. O. Salonen |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 5, no. 11 ; Nr. 5, no. 11 (2005-11-02), S.2869-2879 |
| Datensatznummer |
250003134
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-5-2869-2005.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| A series of 7-week sampling campaigns were conducted in urban background
sites of six European cities as follows: Duisburg (autumn), Prague (winter),
Amsterdam (winter), Helsinki (spring), Barcelona (spring) and Athens
(summer). The campaigns were scheduled to include seasons of local public
health concern due to high particulate concentrations or findings in
previously conducted epidemiological studies. Aerosol samples were collected
in parallel with two identical virtual impactors that divide air particles
into fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) size ranges. From the
collected filter samples, elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon contents
were analysed with a thermal-optical carbon analyser (TOA); total Ca, Ti,
Fe, Si, Al and K by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF); As, Cu,
Ni, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS);
Ca2+, succinate, malonate and oxalate by ion chromatography (IC); and
the sum of levoglucosan+galactosan+mannosan (∑MA) by liquid
chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The campaign means of PM2.5
and PM2.5-10 were 8.3-29.6 µg m-3 and 5.4-28.7 µg m-3,
respectively. The contribution of particulate organic matter (POM)
to PM2.5 ranged from 21% in Barcelona to 54% in Prague, while
that to PM2.5-10 ranged from 10% in Barcelona to 27% in Prague.
The contribution of EC was higher to PM2.5 (5-9%) than to
PM2.5-10 (1-6%) in all the six campaigns. Carbonate (C(CO3),
that interferes with the TOA analysis, was detected in PM2.5-10 of
Athens and Barcelona but not elsewhere. It was subtracted from the OC by a
simple integration method that was validated. The CaCO3 accounted for
55% and 11% of PM2.5-10 in Athens and Barcelona, respectively. It
was anticipated that combustion emissions from vehicle engines affected the
POM content in PM2.5 of all the six sampling campaigns, but a
comparison of mass concentration ratios of the selected inorganic and
organic tracers of common sources of organic material to POM suggested also
interesting differences in source dominance during the campaign periods:
Prague (biomass and coal combustion), Barcelona (fuel oil combustion,
secondary photochemical organics) and Athens (secondary photochemical
organics). The on-going toxicological studies will clarify the health
significance of these findings. |
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