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| Titel |
Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports |
| VerfasserIn |
S. B. Dalsøren, M. S. Eide, O. Endresen, A. Mjelde, G. Gravir, I. S. A. Isaksen |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 9, no. 6 ; Nr. 9, no. 6 (2009-03-24), S.2171-2194 |
| Datensatznummer |
250007102
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-9-2171-2009.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
A reliable and up-to-date ship emission inventory is essential for
atmospheric scientists quantifying the impact of shipping and for policy
makers implementing regulations and incentives for emission reduction. The
emission modelling in this study takes into account ship type and size
dependent input data for 15 ship types and 7 size categories. Global port
arrival and departure data for more than 32 000 merchant ships are used to
establish operational profiles for the ship segments. The modelled total
fuel consumption amounts to 217 Mt in 2004 of which 11 Mt is consumed in
in-port operations. This is in agreement with international sales
statistics. The modelled fuel consumption is applied to develop global
emission inventories for CO2, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4, VOC
(Volatile Organic Compounds), N2O, BC (Black Carbon) and OC (Organic
Carbon). The global emissions from ships at sea and in ports are distributed
geographically, applying extended geographical data sets covering about 2
million global ship observations and global port data for 32 000 ships. In
addition to inventories for the world fleet, inventories are produced
separately for the three dominating ship types, using ship type specific
emission modelling and traffic distributions.
A global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) was used to calculate the
environmental impacts of the emissions. We find that ship emissions is a
dominant contributor over much of the world oceans to surface concentrations
of NO2 and SO2. The contribution is also large over some coastal
zones. For surface ozone the contribution is high over the oceans but
clearly also of importance over Western North America (contribution 15–25%)
and Western Europe (5–15%). The contribution to tropospheric
column ozone is up to 5–6%. The overall impact of ship emissions on
global methane lifetime is large due to the high NOx emissions. With
regard to acidification we find that ships contribute 11% to nitrate wet
deposition and 4.5% to sulphur wet deposition globally. In certain
coastal regions the contributions may be in the range 15–50%.
In general we find that ship emissions have a large impact on acidic
deposition and surface ozone in Western North America, Scandinavia, Western
Europe, western North Africa and Malaysia/Indonesia. For most of these
regions container traffic, the largest emitter by ship type, has the largest
impact. This is the case especially for the Pacific and the related
container trade routes between Asia and North America. However, the
contributions from bulk ships and tank vessels are also significant in the
above mentioned impact regions. Though the total ship impact at low
latitudes is lower, the tank vessels have a quite large contribution at low
latitudes and near the Gulf of Mexico and Middle East. The bulk ships are
characterized by large impact in Oceania compared to other ship types. In
Scandinavia and north-Western Europe, one of the major ship impact regions,
the three largest ship types have rather small relative contributions. The
impact in this region is probably dominated by smaller ships operating
closer to the coast. For emissions in ports impacts on NO2 and SO2
seem to be of significance. For most ports the contribution to the two
components is in the range 0.5–5%, for a few ports it exceeds 10%.
The approach presented provides an improvement in characterizing fleet
operational patterns, and thereby ship emissions and impacts. Furthermore,
the study shows where emission reductions can be applied to most effectively
minimize the impacts by different ship types. |
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