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| Titel |
Coastal flooding of urban areas by overtopping: dynamic modelling application to the Johanna storm (2008) in Gâvres (France) |
| VerfasserIn |
S. Roy, R. Pedreros, C. André, F. Paris, S. Lecacheux, F. Marche, C. Vinchon |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1561-8633
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences ; 15, no. 11 ; Nr. 15, no. 11 (2015-11-11), S.2497-2510 |
| Datensatznummer |
250119774
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/nhess-15-2497-2015.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
Recent dramatic events have allowed significant progress to be achieved in
coastal flood modelling over recent years. Classical approaches generally
estimate wave overtopping by means of empirical formulas or 1-D
simulations, and the flood is simulated on a DTM (digital terrain model),
using soil roughness to characterize land use. The limits of these methods
are typically linked to the accuracy of overtopping estimation (spatial and
temporal distribution) and to the reliability of the results in urban areas,
which are places where the assets are the most crucial.
This paper intends to propose and apply a methodology to simulate
simultaneously wave overtopping and the resulting flood in an urban area at
a very high resolution. This type of 2-D simulation presents the
advantage of allowing both the chronology of the storm and the particular
effect of urban areas on the flows to be integrated. This methodology is
based on a downscaling approach, from regional to local scales, using
hydrodynamic simulations to characterize the sea level and the wave spectra.
A time series is then generated including the evolutions of these two
parameters, and imposed upon a time-dependent phase-resolving model to
simulate the overtopping over the dike. The flood is dynamically simulated
directly by this model: if the model uses adapted schemes (well balanced,
shock capturing), the calculation can be led on a DEM (digital elevation
model) that includes buildings and walls, thereby achieving a realistic
representation of the urban areas.
This methodology has been applied to an actual event, the Johanna storm (10
March 2008) in G-vres (South Brittany, in western France). The use of the
SURF-WB model, a very stable time-dependent phase-resolving model using
non-linear shallow water equations and well-balanced
shock-capturing schemes, allowed simulating both the dynamics of the
overtopping and the flooding in the urban area, taking into account buildings
and streets thanks to a very high resolution (1 m). The results obtained
proved to be very coherent with the available reports in terms of overtopping
sectors, flooded area, water depths and chronology. This method makes it
possible to estimate very precisely not only the overtopping flows, but also
the main characteristics of flooding in a complex topography like an urban
area, and indeed the hazard at a very high resolution (water depths and
vertically integrated current speeds).
The comparison with a similar flooding simulation using a more classical
approach (a digital terrain model with no buildings, and a representation of
the urban area by an increased soil roughness) has allowed the advantages of
an explicit representation of the buildings and the streets to be
identified: if, in the studied case, the impact of the urbanization
representation on water levels does indeed remain negligible, the flood
dynamics and the current speeds can be considerably underestimated when no
explicit representation of the buildings is provided, especially along the
main streets. Moreover, on the seaside, recourse to a time-dependent
phase-resolving model using non-stationary conditions allows a better
representation of the flows caused by overtopping.
Finally, this type of simulation is shown to be of value for hazard studies,
thanks to the high level of accuracy of the results in urban areas where
assets are concentrated. This methodology, although it is currently still
quite difficult to implement and costly in terms of calculation time, can
expect to be increasingly resorted to in years to come, thanks to the recent
developments in wave models and to the increasing availability of LiDAR
data. |
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