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| Titel |
On inclusion of water resource management in Earth system models – Part 1: Problem definition and representation of water demand |
| VerfasserIn |
A. Nazemi, H. S. Wheater |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1027-5606
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ; 19, no. 1 ; Nr. 19, no. 1 (2015-01-07), S.33-61 |
| Datensatznummer |
250120580
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/hess-19-33-2015.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Human activities have caused various changes to the Earth system, and hence
the interconnections between human activities and the Earth system should be
recognized and reflected in models that simulate Earth system processes. One
key anthropogenic activity is water resource management, which determines
the dynamics of human–water interactions in time and space and controls
human livelihoods and economy, including energy and food production. There
are immediate needs to include water resource management in Earth system
models. First, the extent of human water requirements is increasing rapidly
at the global scale and it is crucial to analyze the possible imbalance
between water demands and supply under various scenarios of climate change
and across various temporal and spatial scales. Second, recent observations
show that human–water interactions, manifested through water resource
management, can substantially alter the terrestrial water cycle, affect
land–atmospheric feedbacks and may further interact with climate and
contribute to sea-level change. Due to the importance of water resource
management in determining the future of the global water and climate cycles,
the World Climate Research Program's Global Energy and Water Exchanges
project (WRCP-GEWEX) has recently identified gaps in describing human–water
interactions as one of the grand challenges in Earth system modeling (GEWEX,
2012). Here, we divide water resource management into two interdependent
elements, related firstly to water demand and secondly to water supply and
allocation. In this paper, we survey the current literature on how various
components of water demand have been included in large-scale models, in
particular land surface and global hydrological models. Issues of water
supply and allocation are addressed in a companion paper. The available
algorithms to represent the dominant demands are classified based on the
demand type, mode of simulation and underlying modeling assumptions. We
discuss the pros and cons of available algorithms, address various sources
of uncertainty and highlight limitations in current applications. We
conclude that current capability of large-scale models to represent human
water demands is rather limited, particularly with respect to future
projections and coupled land–atmospheric simulations. To fill these gaps,
the available models, algorithms and data for representing various water
demands should be systematically tested, intercompared and improved. In
particular, human water demands should be considered in conjunction with
water supply and allocation, particularly in the face of water scarcity and
unknown future climate. |
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