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| Titel |
Socio-hydrologic perspectives of the co-evolution of humans and water in the Tarim River basin, Western China: the Taiji–Tire model |
| VerfasserIn |
Y. Liu, F. Tian, H. Hu, M. Sivapalan  |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1027-5606
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ; 18, no. 4 ; Nr. 18, no. 4 (2014-04-03), S.1289-1303 |
| Datensatznummer |
250120323
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/hess-18-1289-2014.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| This paper presents a historical socio-hydrological analysis of the Tarim
River basin (TRB), Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in Western China, from
the time of the opening of the Silk Road to the present. The analysis is
aimed at exploring the historical co-evolution of coupled human–water
systems and at identifying common patterns or organizing principles
underpinning socio-hydrological systems (SHS). As a self-organized entity,
the evolution of the human–water system in the Tarim Basin reached stable
states for long periods of time, but then was punctuated by sudden shifts due
to internal or external disturbances. In this study, we discuss three stable
periods (i.e., natural, human exploitation, and degradation and recovery) and
the transitions in between during the past 2000 years. During the
"natural" stage that existed pre-18th century, with small-scale human
society and sound environment, evolution of the SHS was mainly driven by
natural environmental changes such as river channel migration and climate
change. During the human exploitation stage, especially in the 19th and 20th
centuries, it experienced rapid population growth, massive land reclamation
and fast socio-economic development, and humans became the principal players
of system evolution. By the 1970s, the Tarim Basin had evolved into a new
regime with a vulnerable eco-hydrological system seemingly populated beyond
its carrying capacity, and a human society that began to suffer from serious
water shortages, land salinization and desertification. With intensified
deterioration of river health and increased recognition of unsustainability
of traditional development patterns, human intervention and recovery measures
have since been adopted. As a result, the basin has shown a reverse regime
shift towards some healing of the environmental damage. Based on our analysis
within TRB and a common theory of social development, four general types of
SHSs are defined according to their characteristic spatio-temporal variations
of historical co-evolution, including primitive agricultural, traditional
agricultural, industrial agricultural, and urban SHSs. These co-evolutionary
changes have been explained in the paper in terms of the Taiji–Tire model, a
refinement of a special concept in Chinese philosophy, relating to the
co-evolution of a system because of interactions among its components. |
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