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| Titel |
Radiocarbon analysis of elemental and organic carbon in Switzerland during winter-smog episodes from 2008 to 2012 – Part 1: Source apportionment and spatial variability |
| VerfasserIn |
P. Zotter, V. G. Ciobanu, Y. L. Zhang, I. El-Haddad, M. Macchia, K. R. Daellenbach, G. A. Salazar, R.-J. Huang, L. Wacker, C. Hueglin, A. Piazzalunga, P. Fermo, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger, S. Szidat, A. S. H. Prévôt |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 14, no. 24 ; Nr. 14, no. 24 (2014-12-19), S.13551-13570 |
| Datensatznummer |
250119254
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-14-13551-2014.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| While several studies have investigated winter-time air pollution with a
wide range of concentration levels, hardly any results are available for
longer time periods covering several winter-smog episodes at various
locations; e.g., often only a few weeks from a single winter are
investigated. Here, we present source apportionment results of winter-smog
episodes from 16 air pollution monitoring stations across Switzerland from
five consecutive winters. Radiocarbon (14C) analyses of the elemental (EC)
and organic (OC) carbon fractions, as well as levoglucosan, major
water-soluble ionic species and gas-phase pollutant measurements were used
to characterize the different sources of PM10. The most important
contributions to PM10 during winter-smog episodes in Switzerland were
on average the secondary inorganic constituents (sum of nitrate, sulfate and
ammonium = 41 ± 15%) followed by organic matter (OM) (34 ± 13%)
and EC (5 ± 2%). The non-fossil fractions of OC
(fNF,OC) ranged on average from 69 to 85 and 80 to 95% for stations
north and south of the Alps, respectively, showing that traffic contributes
on average only up to ~ 30% to OC. The non-fossil fraction
of EC (fNF,EC), entirely attributable to primary wood burning, was on
average 42 ± 13 and 49 ± 15% for north and south of the
Alps, respectively. While a high correlation was observed between fossil EC
and nitrogen oxides, both primarily emitted by traffic, these species did
not significantly correlate with fossil OC (OCF), which seems to
suggest that a considerable amount of OCF is secondary, from fossil
precursors. Elevated fNF,EC and fNF,OC values and the high
correlation of the latter with other wood burning markers, including
levoglucosan and water soluble potassium (K+) indicate that residential
wood burning is the major source of carbonaceous aerosols during winter-smog
episodes in Switzerland. The inspection of the non-fossil OC and EC levels
and the relation with levoglucosan and water-soluble K+ shows different
ratios for stations north and south of the Alps (most likely because of
differences in burning technologies) for these two regions in Switzerland. |
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