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| Titel |
PM2.5 pollution in a megacity of southwest China: source apportionment and implication |
| VerfasserIn |
J. Tao, J. Gao, L. Zhang, R. Zhang, H. Che, Z. Zhang, Z. Lin, J. Jing, J. Cao, S.-C. Hsu |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 14, no. 16 ; Nr. 14, no. 16 (2014-08-26), S.8679-8699 |
| Datensatznummer |
250118978
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-14-8679-2014.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
Daily PM2.5 (aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than
2.5 μm) samples were collected at an urban site in Chengdu, an
inland megacity in southwest China, during four 1-month periods in 2011,
with each period in a different season. Samples were subject to chemical
analysis for various chemical components ranging from major water-soluble
ions, organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), trace elements to biomass
burning tracers, anhydrosugar levoglucosan (LG), and mannosan (MN). Two
models, the ISORROPIA II thermodynamic equilibrium model and the positive matrix
factorization (PMF) model, were applied to explore the likely chemical forms
of ionic constituents and to apportion sources for PM2.5. Distinctive
seasonal patterns of PM2.5 and associated main chemical components were
identified and could be explained by varying emission sources and
meteorological conditions. PM2.5 showed a typical seasonality of waxing
in winter and waning in summer, with an annual mean of
119 μg m−3. Mineral soil concentrations increased in spring,
whereas biomass burning species elevated in autumn and winter.
Six major source factors were identified to have contributed to PM2.5
using the PMF model. These were secondary inorganic aerosols, coal
combustion, biomass burning, iron and steel manufacturing, Mo-related
industries, and soil dust, and they contributed 37 ± 18,
20 ± 12, 11 ± 10, 11 ± 9,
11 ± 9, and 10 ± 12%, respectively, to PM2.5
masses on annual average, while exhibiting large seasonal variability. On
annual average, the unknown emission sources that were not identified by the
PMF model contributed 1 ± 11% to the measured PM2.5 mass.
Various chemical tracers were used for validating PMF performance. Antimony
(Sb) was suggested to be a suitable tracer of coal combustion in Chengdu.
Results of LG and MN helped constrain the biomass burning sources, with wood
burning dominating in winter and agricultural waste burning dominating in
autumn. Excessive Fe (Ex-Fe), defined as the excessive portion in measured Fe
that cannot be sustained by mineral dust, is corroborated to be a
straightforward useful tracer of iron and steel manufacturing pollution. In
Chengdu, Mo / Ni mass ratios were persistently higher than unity, and
considerably distinct from those usually observed in ambient airs. V / Ni
ratios averaged only 0.7. Results revealed that heavy oil fuel combustion
should not be a vital anthropogenic source, and additional anthropogenic
sources for Mo are yet to be identified. Overall, the emission sources
identified in Chengdu could be dominated by local sources located in the
vicinity of Sichuan, a result different from those found in Beijing and
Shanghai, wherein cross-boundary transport is significant in contributing
pronounced PM2.5. These results provided implications for PM2.5
control strategies. |
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