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| Titel |
Black carbon emissions from in-use ships: a California regional assessment |
| VerfasserIn |
G. M. Buffaloe, D. A. Lack, E. J. Williams, D. Coffman, K. L. Hayden, B. M. Lerner, S.-M. Li, I. Nuaaman, P. Massoli, T. B. Onasch, P. K. Quinn, C. D. Cappa |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 14, no. 4 ; Nr. 14, no. 4 (2014-02-18), S.1881-1896 |
| Datensatznummer |
250118411
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-14-1881-2014.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Black carbon (BC) mass emission factors (EFBC; g BC
(kg fuel)−1) from a variety of ocean-going vessels have been determined
from measurements of BC and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in ship
plumes intercepted by the R/V Atlantis during the 2010 California
Nexus (CalNex) campaign. The ships encountered were all operating within 24
nautical miles of the California coast and were utilizing relatively low
sulphur fuels (average fuel sulphur content of 0.4%, 0.09% and
0.03% for vessels operating slow-speed, medium-speed and high-speed
diesel engines, respectively). Black carbon concentrations within the plumes,
from which EFBC values are determined, were measured using four
independent instruments: a photoacoustic spectrometer and a particle soot
absorption photometer, which measure light absorption, and a single particle
soot photometer and soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer, which measure
the mass concentration of refractory BC directly. These measurements have
been used to assess the level of agreement between these different techniques
for the determination of BC emission factors from ship plumes. Also, these
measurements greatly expand upon the number of individual ships for which BC
emission factors have been determined during real-world operation. The
measured EFBC's have been divided into vessel type categories and
engine type categories, from which averages have been determined. The
geometric average EFBC (excluding outliers) determined from over
71 vessels and 135 plumes encountered was
0.31 ± 0.31 g BC (kg fuel)−1, where the standard deviation
represents the variability between individual vessels. The most frequent
engine type encountered was the slow-speed diesel (SSD), and the most
frequent SSD vessel type was the cargo ship sub-category. Average and median
EFBC values from the SSD category are compared with previous
observations from the Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) in 2006, during which
the ships encountered were predominately operating on high-sulphur fuels
(average fuel sulphur content of 1.6%). There is a statistically
significant difference between the EFBC values from CalNex and
TexAQS for SSD vessels and for the cargo and tanker ship types within this
engine category. The CalNex EFBC values are lower than those from
TexAQS, suggesting that operation on lower sulphur fuels is associated with
smaller EFBC values. |
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