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| Titel |
Application of WRF/Chem over North America under the AQMEII Phase 2 – Part 2: Evaluation of 2010 application and responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistry interactions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010 |
| VerfasserIn |
K. Yahya, K. Wang, Y. Zhang, T. E. Kleindienst |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1991-959X
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Geoscientific Model Development ; 8, no. 7 ; Nr. 8, no. 7 (2015-07-16), S.2095-2117 |
| Datensatznummer |
250116455
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/gmd-8-2095-2015.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem)
simulation with the 2005 Carbon Bond (CB05) gas-phase mechanism coupled to the
Modal for Aerosol Dynamics for Europe (MADE) and the volatility basis set approach
for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are conducted over a domain in North
America for 2006 and 2010 as part of the Air Quality Model Evaluation
International Initiative (AQMEII) Phase 2 project. Following the Part 1
paper that focuses on the evaluation of the 2006 simulations, this Part 2
paper focuses on a comparison of model performance in 2006 and 2010 as well as
analysis of the responses of air quality and meteorology–chemistry
interactions to changes in emissions and meteorology from 2006 to 2010. In
general, emissions for gaseous and aerosol species decrease from 2006 to
2010, leading to a reduction in gaseous and aerosol concentrations and
associated changes in radiation and cloud variables due to various feedback
mechanisms. WRF/Chem is able to reproduce most observations and the observed
variation trends from 2006 to 2010, despite its slightly worse performance
than WRF that is likely due to inaccurate chemistry feedbacks resulting from
less accurate emissions and chemical boundary conditions (BCONs) in 2010.
Compared to 2006, the performance for most meteorological variables in 2010
gives lower normalized mean biases but higher normalized mean errors and
lower correlation coefficients. The model also shows poorer performance for
most chemical variables in 2010. This could be attributed to
underestimations in emissions of some species, such as primary organic
aerosol in some areas of the US in 2010, and inaccurate chemical BCONs and
meteorological predictions. The inclusion of chemical feedbacks in WRF/Chem
reduces biases in meteorological predictions in 2010; however, it increases
errors and weakens correlations comparing to WRF simulations. Sensitivity
simulations show that the net changes in meteorological variables from 2006
to 2010 are mostly influenced by changes in meteorology and those of ozone
and fine particulate matter are influenced to a large extent by emissions
and/or chemical BCONs and to a lesser extent by changes in meteorology.
Using a different set of emissions and/or chemical BCONs helps improve the
performance of individual variables, although it does not improve the degree
of agreement with observed interannual trends. These results indicate a
need to further improve the accuracy and consistency of emissions and
chemical BCONs, the representations of SOA and chemistry–meteorology
feedbacks in the online-coupled models. |
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