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    | Titel | Hybrid Levenberg–Marquardt and weak constraint ensemble Kalman smoother method |  
    | VerfasserIn | J. Mandel, E. Bergou, S. Gürol, S. Gratton |  
    | Medientyp | Artikel 
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    | Sprache | Englisch 
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    | ISSN | 2198-5634 
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    | Digitales Dokument | URL |  
    | Erschienen | In: Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions ; 2, no. 3 ; Nr. 2, no. 3 (2015-05-26), S.865-902 |  
    | Datensatznummer | 250115176 
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    | Publikation (Nr.) |  copernicus.org/npgd-2-865-2015.pdf |  
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        | Zusammenfassung |  
        | We propose to use the ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS) as the linear
      least squares solver in the Gauss–Newton method for the large
      nonlinear least squares in incremental 4DVAR. The ensemble approach
      is naturally parallel over the ensemble members and no tangent or
      adjoint operators are needed. Further, adding a regularization term
      results in replacing the Gauss–Newton method, which may diverge, by
      the Levenberg–Marquardt method, which is known to be convergent. The
      regularization is implemented efficiently as an additional observation
      in the EnKS. The method is illustrated on the Lorenz 63 and the
      two-level quasi-geostrophic model problems. |  
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