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| Titel |
Application network for monitoring of green house gas emission from lithosphere in Khibina territories |
| VerfasserIn |
Alex Asavin, Valentin Nivin, Artur Litvinov, Elena Chesalova, Sergey Baskov |
| Konferenz |
EGU General Assembly 2015
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| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| Digitales Dokument |
PDF |
| Erschienen |
In: GRA - Volume 17 (2015) |
| Datensatznummer |
250103520
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 EGU/EGU2015-2935.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| The aim of project is to estimate the contribution of lithospheric flue gas emission of
gases CH4, CO2, H2 in the general composition of atmospheric pollution of Arctic
zone.
The main task is organization of the ecological monitoring in the area of exploitation of
large apatite and rare earth ore deposit from Khibine massive on the base of modern
WSN (wireless sensor network) technologies. Application network consist from
sensors of gas H2, CH4, CO2, complex autonomous equipment for measurement
temperature, pressure, humidity and network of telecommunications (used ZigBee
protocol).
Our project offer technical decisions for experimentally-methodical monitoring network
on the base of WSN and the high-sensitive sensors of hydrogen and methane, software and
electronic equipment with a transmitter network. This work is the first project in
Russia.
The advantages of this technology is autonomous work (to several months and more),
high-frequency programmable measurement of gas sensor, low cost (on one node of
network), possibility to connect to one node of supervision a several types of sensors. And as
a result is complex monitoring of environment.
It has long been known that the pollution in Arctic Khibine and Lovosero region
contains unusually high levels of hydrocarbon gases (HCG) [Petersilie,1964]. The
presence of these gases has a number of practical implications and it is therefore
important to understand their source and distribution. Among alkaline intrusive
complexes with high (for magmatic rocks) concentrations of hydrocarbon and hydrogen–
hydrocarbon gases occluded as fluid inclusions in minerals. The Khibina and Lovozero
massives are well known, as region of spontaneous emissions of these gases from
lithosphere [Khitarov et al., 1979; Ikorskii et al., 1992; Beeskow 2007; Nivin 2005,
2009].
The presence of the HCG, however, raises a number of questions and possibilities. It is
unclear how homogeneously the HCG are distributed through the complex? What is the total
volume of gas stored within the complex? What contribution abiogenically produced
hydrocarbon gases to the Earth’s carbon cycle? Is it really that methane and hydrogen
continually released to the atmosphere through the roofs of the Khibiny and Lovozero
plutons? And if it is so how it influence on the negative anomaly in the ozone layer in central
part of the Kola peninsula [Syvorotkin, 2002]?
In addition, naturally combustible, and potentially explosive hydro-carbon gases, are
released during mines work the apatite deposits of Khibiny pluton. Changes in gas
chemistry and gas-dynamic indices have been documented during the changes in the
geo-mechanical state of a rock. And therefore we may use these events as predictive
indicators for, catastrophic, rock bursts during the underground works. It therefore
is important to develop a comprehensive picture of the distribution of the HCG.
It remains debatable by what means these reduced gases evolved in association
with oxidized silicate rocks although recent models, suggest that hydro-carbon
gases evolution might be the result of abiogenic sub solidus reactions, possibly of a
Fischer–Tropsch reaction . However, the potential productivity of the reaction remains
uncertain.
Inflow of methane from soil is caused by methanotroph the microorganisms
bioactivity, changing depending on a thermal model of microorganisms activity. However,
inflow of lithosphere’s gases, related to geological processes, remains practically
uninvestigated.
Unique devices have been developed in our project for maintenance service of
gas emissions monitoring. Tools were constructed in department of physics and
nano system of National Research Nuclear University of Moscow Engineering
Physics in laboratory “Mining and examination of sensor controls on the basis of
MDP structure”. Heart of gas analyzer is device D-1. Data device D-1 represent
sensing devices for measuring of concentrations of hydrogen, deuterium, hydrogen
sulphide, dioxide of nitrogen, chlorine and ammonia. A basic element is MDP
(metal-dielectric-semiconductor) - structure of type Pd-Ta2O5-SiO2-Si which electric
capacitance changes at interaction with gas. The sensing device can be used for definition of
concentrations of any of the numbered gases in a ambient temperatures from-30 to
+40.
At this moment, ZigBee protocol communication for WSN is set the standard. Since the
2004. this specification has been repeatedly updated and expanded. Platform MeshLogic
Russian development software was chosen to create WSN (www.meshlogic.ru). MeshLogic
platform designed to create wireless sensor networks for various applications. MeshLogic
standard to be distinct from other products its own network protocol stack that provides the
following key benefits:
- Fully homogenous network topology and algorithm of calculation position nodes in
spatial;
- All nodes are equal and are routers;
- Self-organization, and automatic search routers;
- Resistance to conflicts between nodes with simultaneously inter transmit data;
- High scalability and reliability of data delivery;
- Ability all the nodes to work on independent power supply.
- Special software for service monitor radio equipment and sensors tools.
Wireless OEM-modules ML-Module-Z is a complete, integrated solution that enables
third-party developers to create their own wireless network. In modules built a special version
of the network stack MeshLogic, optimized for distributed data acquisition systems, in which
a plurality of devices transmit data to one or more collection points (base stations, gateways,
etc.). The main feature modules ML-Module-Z is that they all are identical and
routers, that is able to retransmit packets, if necessary. At the same time, they can
automatically go into "sleep" mode (ad-hock), significantly reducing the average power
consumption and increasing battery life. To switch to standby routers do not need to
configure access to a synchronized environment or set some other options as modules
independently determine the optimal mode of operation depending on the network
load.
Note that not all solutions on the market for WSN allow you to create full mesh-network
in which all nodes can perform retransmission when running on battery-free.
Module ML-Module-Z consists of a microcontroller, transceiver standard IEEE 802.15.4,
a 48-bit serial number, flash memory capacity of 4 MB and provides two options for
connecting a 50-ohm antenna: via pads or U.FL-connector. Sensor Connection is realized via
the RS232, RS485.
Field work were carried out in autumn 2014 in the Khibiny massive near Apatity town.
Experienced network consisted from 5 nodes and 3 sensors. It is possible to organize
the testing ground site is about 2 km2. The maximum length, experimental profile
for monitoring gas was about 3 km. Tests were conducted in different landscape
conditions (plains, foothills, mountains) to assess the passing of radio signals in different
conditions.
Carry out test measurements and experiments on energy consumption.
Measurement concentration gas with different climatic situation (temperatures and
humidity). We made program independent evaluation of the network elements and
consumption modes of transmitting and measuring equipment. Range communication
between nodes reached 500-700m. In general, a data transmission system corresponded to the
declared parameters.
In tests we examined, the algorithm data transfer in situation practiced signal loss and
delayed transmission of information. Network device and restructuring roadmap network
worked in the proposed mode, providing reliable data transfer within the segment, in this
situation. Optimal frequency data positioning system nodes were determined. Number of
design flaws in the sensors was found. In particular, great modified was done in construction
of power management - power consumption was reduced to 7 mV (approximately 2-times
lower from the initial).
In the first year, the results of our tests carried out the significant change in project, both
the sensor construction and the host data structure. We solved a number of technical issues on
WSN nodes placement schemes and time data collection system. As a result, the technical
documentation for a series of new sensors was create. In 2015 we planned to release the
prototype with the elimination of deficiencies, on the base of which a permanent network
segment will be establish.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the program 44 presidium RAS “Search basic research for
the development of the Russian Arctic”
Reference
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Some Geological Forma-tions in the Kola Peninsula,” (Nauka, Moscow–Leningrad, 1964), p.
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Khitarov N. I., A. I. Kravtsov, G. I. Voitov, et al., “Free Gas Emanations at the Khibiny
Massif,” Sov. Geol., No. 2, 62-73 (1979).
Ikorskii S. V., V. A. Nivin, and V. A. Pripachkin, Gas Geochemistry of Endogenous Rocks
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