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| Titel |
Continuous atmospheric monitoring of the injected CO2 behavior over geological storage sites using flux stations: latest technologies and resources |
| VerfasserIn |
George Burba, Rodney Madsen, Kristin Feese |
| Konferenz |
EGU General Assembly 2014
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| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| Digitales Dokument |
PDF |
| Erschienen |
In: GRA - Volume 16 (2014) |
| Datensatznummer |
250086185
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 EGU/EGU2014-2.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Flux stations have been widely used to monitor emission rates of CO2 from various
ecosystems for climate research for over 30 years [1]. The stations provide accurate and
continuous measurements of CO2 emissions with high temporal resolution. Time scales range
from 20 times per second for gas concentrations, to 15-minute, hourly, daily, and multi-year
periods. The emissions are measured from the upwind area ranging from thousands
of square meters to multiple square kilometers, depending on the measurement
height.
The stations can nearly instantaneously detect rapid changes in emissions due to weather
events, as well as changes caused by variations in human-triggered events (pressure
leaks, control releases, etc.). Stations can also detect any slow changes related to
seasonal dynamics and human-triggered low-frequency processes (leakage diffusion,
etc.).
In the past, station configuration, data collection and processing were highly-customized,
site-specific and greatly dependent on "school-of-thought" practiced by a particular research
group. In the last 3-5 years, due to significant efforts of global and regional CO2 monitoring
networks (e.g., FluxNet, Ameriflux, Carbo-Europe, ICOS, etc.) and technological
developments, the flux station methodology became fairly standardized and processing
protocols became quite uniform [1].
A majority of current stations compute CO2 emission rates using the eddy covariance
method, one of the most direct and defensible micrometeorological techniques [1].
Presently, over 600 such flux stations are in operation in over 120 countries, using
permanent and mobile towers or moving platforms (e.g., automobiles, helicopters, and
airplanes).
Atmospheric monitoring of emission rates using such stations is now recognized as an
effective method in regulatory and industrial applications, including carbon storage [2-8].
Emerging projects utilize flux stations to continuously monitor large areas before and after
the injections, to locate and quantify leakages from the subsurface, to improve storage
efficiency, and for other storage characterizations [5-8].
In this presentation, the latest regulatory and methodological updates are provided
regarding atmospheric monitoring of the injected CO2 behavior using flux stations. These
include 2013 improvements in methodology, as well as the latest literature, including
regulatory documents for using the method and step-by-step instructions on implementing it
in the field.
Updates also include 2013 development of a fully automated remote unattended
flux station capable of processing data on-the-go to continuously output final CO2
emission rates in a similar manner as a standard weather station outputs weather
parameters.
References:
[1] Burba G. Eddy Covariance Method for Scientific, Industrial, Agricultural and
Regulatory Applications. LI-COR Biosciences; 2013. [2] International Energy Agency.
Quantification techniques for CO2 leakage. IEA-GHG; 2012. [3] US Department of Energy.
Best Practices for Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting of CO2 Stored in Deep Geologic
Formations. US DOE; 2012. [4] Liu G. (Ed.). Greenhouse Gases: Capturing, Utilization and
Reduction. Intech; 2012. [5] Finley R. et al. An Assessment of Geological Carbon
Sequestration Options in the Illinois Basin – Phase III. DOE-MGSC; DE-FC26-05NT42588;
2012. [6] LI-COR Biosciences. Surface Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Sequestration.
LI-COR, 980-11916, 2011. [7] Eggleston H., et al. (Eds). IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC NGGI P, WMO/UNEP; 2006-2011. [8] Burba G., Madsen
R., Feese K. Eddy Covariance Method for CO2 Emission Measurements in CCUS
Applications: Principles, Instrumentation and Software. Energy Procedia, 40C: 329-336;
2013. |
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