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| Titel |
The evolution of shipping emissions and the costs of regulation changes in the northern EU area |
| VerfasserIn |
L. Johansson, J.-P. Jalkanen, J. Kalli, J. Kukkonen |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 13, no. 22 ; Nr. 13, no. 22 (2013-11-25), S.11375-11389 |
| Datensatznummer |
250085832
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-13-11375-2013.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| An extensive inventory of marine exhaust emissions is presented in the
northern European emission control area (ECA) in 2009 and 2011. The
emissions of SOx, NOx, CO2, CO and PM2.5 were evaluated
using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM). We have combined
the information on individual vessel characteristics and position reports
generated by the automatic identification system (AIS). The emission
limitations from 2009 to 2011 have had a significant impact on reducing the
emissions of both SOx and PM2.5. The predicted emissions of
SOx originated from IMO (International Maritime Organization)-registered marine traffic have been reduced by
29%, from 320 kt to 231 kt, in the ECA from 2009 to 2011. The
corresponding predicted reduction of PM2.5 emissions was 17%, from
72 kt to 61 kt. The highest CO2 and PM2.5 emissions in 2011
were located in the vicinity of the coast of the Netherlands, in the English
Channel, near the south-eastern UK and along the busiest shipping lines in
the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. The changes of emissions and the
financial costs caused by various regulative actions since 2005 were also
evaluated, based on the increased direct fuel costs. We also simulated the
effects and direct costs associated with the forthcoming switch to
low-sulfur distillate fuels in 2015. According to the projections for the
future, there will be a reduction of 87% in SOx emissions and a
reduction of 48% in PM2.5 emissions in 2015, compared with the
corresponding shipping emissions in 2011 in the ECA. The corresponding
relative increase in fuel costs for all IMO-registered shipping varied
between 13% and 69%, depending on the development of the prices of
fuels and the use of the sulfur scrubber equipment. |
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