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| Titel |
Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis |
| VerfasserIn |
T. A. McMahon, M. C. Peel, L. Lowe, R. Srikanthan, T. R. McVicar |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1027-5606
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ; 17, no. 4 ; Nr. 17, no. 4 (2013-04-10), S.1331-1363 |
| Datensatznummer |
250018843
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/hess-17-1331-2013.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
This guide to estimating daily and monthly actual, potential, reference crop
and pan evaporation covers topics that are of interest to researchers,
consulting hydrologists and practicing engineers. Topics include estimating
actual evaporation from deep lakes and from farm dams and for catchment
water balance studies, estimating potential evaporation as input to
rainfall-runoff models, and reference crop evapotranspiration for small
irrigation areas, and for irrigation within large irrigation districts.
Inspiration for this guide arose in response to the authors' experiences in
reviewing research papers and consulting reports where estimation of the
actual evaporation component in catchment and water balance studies was
often inadequately handled. Practical guides using consistent terminology
that cover both theory and practice are not readily available. Here we
provide such a guide, which is divided into three parts. The first part
provides background theory and an outline of the conceptual models of potential
evaporation of Penman, Penman–Monteith and Priestley–Taylor, as well as discussions
of reference crop evapotranspiration and Class-A pan evaporation. The
last two sub-sections in this first part include techniques to estimate
actual evaporation from (i) open-surface water and (ii) landscapes and
catchments (Morton and the advection-aridity models). The second part
addresses topics confronting a practicing hydrologist, e.g. estimating
actual evaporation for deep lakes, shallow lakes and farm dams, lakes
covered with vegetation, catchments, irrigation areas and bare soil. The
third part addresses six related issues: (i) automatic (hard wired)
calculation of evaporation estimates in commercial weather stations, (ii)
evaporation estimates without wind data, (iii) at-site meteorological data,
(iv) dealing with evaporation in a climate change environment, (v) 24 h
versus day-light hour estimation of meteorological variables, and (vi)
uncertainty in evaporation estimates.
This paper is supported by a Supplement that includes 21
sections enhancing the material in the text, worked examples of many
procedures discussed in the paper, a program listing (Fortran 90) of
Morton's WREVAP evaporation models along with tables of monthly Class-A pan
coefficients for 68 locations across Australia and other information. |
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