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| Titel |
Application of WRF/Chem-MADRID and WRF/Polyphemus in Europe – Part 1: Model description, evaluation of meteorological predictions, and aerosol–meteorology interactions |
| VerfasserIn |
Y. Zhang, K. Sartelet, S.-Y. Wu, C. Seigneur |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 13, no. 14 ; Nr. 13, no. 14 (2013-07-22), S.6807-6843 |
| Datensatznummer |
250018767
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-13-6807-2013.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Comprehensive model evaluation and comparison of two 3-D air quality modeling
systems (i.e., the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF)/Polyphemus and
WRF with chemistry and the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization,
and Dissolution (MADRID) (WRF/Chem-MADRID)) are conducted over Western
Europe. Part 1 describes the background information for the model comparison
and simulation design, the application of WRF for January and July 2001 over
triple-nested domains in Western Europe at three horizontal grid resolutions:
0.5°, 0.125°, and 0.025°, and the
effect of aerosol/meteorology interactions on meteorological predictions.
Nine simulated meteorological variables (i.e., downward shortwave and
longwave radiation fluxes (SWDOWN and LWDOWN), outgoing longwave radiation
flux (OLR), temperature at 2 m (T2), specific humidity at 2 m (Q2),
relative humidity at 2 m (RH2), wind speed at 10 m (WS10), wind direction
at 10 m (WD10), and precipitation (Precip)) are evaluated using available
observations in terms of spatial distribution, domainwide daily and
site-specific hourly variations, and domainwide performance statistics. The
vertical profiles of temperature, dew points, and wind speed/direction are
also evaluated using sounding data. WRF demonstrates its capability in
capturing diurnal/seasonal variations and spatial gradients and vertical
profiles of major meteorological variables. While the domainwide performance
of LWDOWN, OLR, T2, Q2, and RH2 at all three grid resolutions is satisfactory
overall, large positive or negative biases occur in SWDOWN, WS10, and Precip
even at 0.125° or 0.025° in both months and in
WD10 in January. In addition, discrepancies between simulations and
observations exist in T2, Q2, WS10, and Precip at mountain/high altitude
sites and large urban center sites in both months, in particular, during snow
events or thunderstorms. These results indicate the model's difficulty in
capturing meteorological variables in complex terrain and subgrid-scale
meteorological phenomena, due to inaccuracies in model initialization
parameterization (e.g., lack of soil temperature and moisture nudging),
limitations in the physical parameterizations (e.g., shortwave radiation,
cloud microphysics, cumulus parameterizations, and ice nucleation treatments)
as well as limitations in surface heat and moisture budget parameterizations
(e.g., snow-related processes, subgrid-scale surface roughness elements, and
urban canopy/heat island treatments and CO2 domes). While the use of
finer grid resolutions of 0.125° and 0.025° shows
some improvements for WS10, WD10, Precip, and some mesoscale events (e.g.,
strong forced convection and heavy precipitation), it does not significantly
improve the overall statistical performance for all meteorological variables
except for Precip. The WRF/Chem simulations with and without aerosols show
that aerosols lead to reduced net shortwave radiation fluxes, 2 m
temperature, 10 m wind speed, planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, and precipitation and increase
aerosol optical depth, cloud condensation nuclei, cloud optical depth, and
cloud droplet number concentrations over most of the domain. These results
indicate a need to further improve the model representations of the above
parameterizations as well as aerosol–meteorology interactions at all scales. |
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