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| Titel |
Evaluation of the carbon cycle components in the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) |
| VerfasserIn |
J. F. Tjiputra, C. Roelandt, M. Bentsen, D. M. Lawrence, T. Lorentzen, J. Schwinger, Ø. Seland, C. Heinze |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1991-959X
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Geoscientific Model Development ; 6, no. 2 ; Nr. 6, no. 2 (2013-03-04), S.301-325 |
| Datensatznummer |
250017793
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/gmd-6-301-2013.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| The recently developed Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) is employed for
simulations contributing to the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
phase 5) experiments and the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR5). In this manuscript, we focus on
evaluating the ocean and land carbon cycle components of the NorESM, based on
the preindustrial control and historical simulations. Many of the observed
large scale ocean biogeochemical features are reproduced satisfactorily by
the NorESM. When compared to the climatological estimates from the World
Ocean Atlas (WOA), the model simulated temperature, salinity, oxygen, and
phosphate distributions agree reasonably well in both the surface layer and
deep water structure. However, the model simulates a relatively strong
overturning circulation strength that leads to noticeable model-data bias,
especially within the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). This strong
overturning circulation slightly distorts the structure of the biogeochemical
tracers at depth. Advancements in simulating the oceanic mixed layer depth
with respect to the previous generation model particularly improve the
surface tracer distribution as well as the upper ocean biogeochemical
processes, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Consequently, near-surface
ocean processes such as biological production and air–sea gas exchange, are
in good agreement with climatological observations. The NorESM adopts the same
terrestrial model as the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). It reproduces
the general pattern of land-vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) when
compared to the observationally based values derived from the FLUXNET network
of eddy covariance towers. While the model simulates well the vegetation
carbon pool, the soil carbon pool is smaller by a factor of three relative to
the observational based estimates. The simulated annual mean terrestrial GPP
and total respiration are slightly larger than observed, but the difference
between the global GPP and respiration is comparable. Model-data bias in GPP
is mainly simulated in the tropics (overestimation) and in high latitudes
(underestimation). Within the NorESM framework, both the ocean and
terrestrial carbon cycle models simulate a steady increase in carbon uptake
from the preindustrial period to the present-day. The land carbon uptake is
noticeably smaller than the observations, which is attributed to the strong
nitrogen limitation formulated by the land model. |
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