 |
| Titel |
Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010 |
| VerfasserIn |
Z. Lu, Q. Zhang, D. G. Streets |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
|
| Sprache |
Englisch
|
| ISSN |
1680-7316
|
| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 11, no. 18 ; Nr. 11, no. 18 (2011-09-23), S.9839-9864 |
| Datensatznummer |
250010099
|
| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-11-9839-2011.pdf |
|
|
|
|
|
| Zusammenfassung |
| China and India are the two largest anthropogenic aerosol generating
countries in the world. In this study, we develop a new inventory of sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and primary carbonaceous aerosol (i.e., black and organic
carbon, BC and OC) emissions from these two countries for the period
1996–2010, using a technology-based methodology. Emissions from major
anthropogenic sources and open biomass burning are included, and
time-dependent trends in activity rates and emission factors are
incorporated in the calculation. Year-specific monthly temporal
distributions for major sectors and gridded emissions at a resolution of
0.1°×0.1° distributed by multiple year-by-year spatial
proxies are also developed. In China, the interaction between economic
development and environmental protection causes large temporal variations in
the emission trends. From 1996 to 2000, emissions of all three species
showed a decreasing trend (by 9 %–17 %) due to a slowdown in economic
growth, a decline in coal use in non-power sectors, and the implementation
of air pollution control measures. With the economic boom after 2000,
emissions from China changed dramatically. BC and OC emissions increased by
46 % and 33 % to 1.85 Tg and 4.03 Tg in 2010. SO2 emissions first
increased by 61 % to 34.0 Tg in 2006, and then decreased by 9.2 % to
30.8 Tg in 2010 due to the wide application of flue-gas desulfurization
(FGD) equipment in power plants. Driven by the remarkable energy consumption
growth and relatively lax emission controls, emissions from India increased
by 70 %, 41 %, and 35 % to 8.81 Tg, 1.02 Tg, and 2.74 Tg in 2010 for
SO2, BC, and OC, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations are used to
quantify the emission uncertainties. The average 95 % confidence intervals
(CIs) of SO2, BC, and OC emissions are estimated to be
−16 %–17 %, −43 %–93 %, and −43 %–80 % for China, and
−15 %–16 %, −41 %–87 %, and −44 %–92 % for India,
respectively. Sulfur content, fuel use, and sulfur retention of hard coal
and the actual FGD removal efficiency are the main contributors to the
uncertainties of SO2 emissions. Biofuel combustion related parameters
(i.e., technology divisions, fuel use, and emission factor determinants) are
the largest source of OC uncertainties, whereas BC emissions are also
sensitive to the parameters of coal combustion in the residential and
industrial sectors and the coke-making process. Comparing our results with
satellite observations, we find that the trends of estimated emissions in
both China and India are in good agreement with the trends of aerosol
optical depth (AOD) and SO2 retrievals obtained from different
satellites. |
| |
|
| Teil von |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|