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| Titel |
Studies of propane flame soot acting as heterogeneous ice nuclei in conjunction with single particle soot photometer measurements |
| VerfasserIn |
I. Crawford, O. Möhler, M. Schnaiter, H. Saathoff, D. Liu, G. McMeeking, C. Linke, M. Flynn, K. N. Bower, P. J. Connolly, M. W. Gallagher, H. Coe |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 11, no. 18 ; Nr. 11, no. 18 (2011-09-16), S.9549-9561 |
| Datensatznummer |
250010079
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-11-9549-2011.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
The ice nucleation efficiency of propane flame soot particles with and
without a sulphuric acid coating was investigated using the aerosol and cloud
chamber facility AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere).
The test soot for cloud formation simulations was produced using a propane
flame Combustion Aerosol Standard generator (CAST, Jing-CAST Technologies).
The organic carbon content (OC) of the test soot was altered in a
reproducible fashion by changing the fuel/air mixture of the generator. The
soot content of ice nuclei was subsequently investigated using a combination
of a pumped counterflow virtual impactor (PCVI) to separate and evaporate the
ice crystals, and a DMT single particle soot photometer (SP2) to examine the
mixing state of the BC containing ice residuals.
Ice nucleation was found to be most efficient for uncoated soot of low
organic carbon content (~5 % organic carbon content) where
deposition freezing occurred at an ice saturation ratio Sice ~ 1.22 at a temperature T = 226.6 K with 25 % of the test soot
becoming active as ice nuclei. Propane flame soot of higher organic carbon
content (~30 % and ~70 % organic carbon content) showed
significantly lower ice nucleation efficiency (an activated fraction of the
order of a few percent in the experiments) than the low organic carbon
content soot, with water saturation being required for freezing to occur. Ice
nucleation occurred over the range Sice = 1.22–1.70, and T =
223.2–226.6 K. Analysis of the SP2 data showed that the 5 % organic
carbon content soot had an undetectable OC coating whereas the 30 %
organic carbon content soot had a thicker or less volatile OC coating.
The application of a sulphuric acid coating to the flame soot shifted the
threshold of the onset of freezing towards that of the homogeneous freezing
of sulphuric acid; for the minimum OC flame soot this inhibited nucleation
since the onset of freezing occurred at colder temperatures and required a
greater ice saturation ratio; for the medium and maximum OC flame soot, the
addition of a sulphuric acid significantly reduced the freezing threshold. |
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