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| Titel |
Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations |
| VerfasserIn |
A. Hirsikko, T. Nieminen, S. Gagné, K. Lehtipalo, H. E. Manninen, M. Ehn, U. Hõrrak, V.-M. Kerminen, L. Laakso, P. H. McMurry, A. Mirme, S. Mirme, T. Petäjä, H. Tammet, V. Vakkari, M. Vana, M. Kulmala  |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 11, no. 2 ; Nr. 11, no. 2 (2011-01-26), S.767-798 |
| Datensatznummer |
250009198
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-11-767-2011.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| This review is based on ca. 260 publications, 93 of which included data on
the temporal and spatial variation of the concentration of small ions (<1.6 nm in diameter) especially in the lower troposphere, chemical
composition, or formation and growth rates of sub-3 nm ions. This
information was collected on tables and figures. The small ions exist all
the time in the atmosphere, and the average concentrations of positive and
negative small ions are typically 200–2500 cm−3. However,
concentrations up to 5000 cm−3 have been observed. The results are in
agreement with observations of ion production rates in the atmosphere. We
also summarised observations on the conversion of small ions to intermediate
ions, which can act as embryos for new atmospheric aerosol particles. Those
observations include the formation rates (J2[ion]) of 2-nm intermediate
ions, growth rates (GR[ion]) of sub-3 nm ions, and information on the
chemical composition of the ions. Unfortunately, there were only a few
studies which presented J2[ion] and GR[ion]. Based on the publications,
the formation rates of 2-nm ions were 0–1.1 cm−3 s−1, while the
total 2-nm particle formation rates varied between 0.001 and 60 cm−3 s−1. Due to small changes in J2[ion], the relative importance of ions in 2-nm particle formation was determined by the large
changes in J2[tot], and, accordingly the contribution of ions increased
with decreasing J2[tot]. Furthermore, small ions were observed to
activate for growth earlier than neutral nanometer-sized particles and at
lower saturation ratio of condensing vapours. |
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