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| Titel |
Are ammonia emissions from field-applied slurry substantially over-estimated in European emission inventories? |
| VerfasserIn |
J. Sintermann, A. Neftel, C. Ammann, C. Häni, A. Hensen, B. Loubet, C. R. Flechard |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1726-4170
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Biogeosciences ; 9, no. 5 ; Nr. 9, no. 5 (2012-05-03), S.1611-1632 |
| Datensatznummer |
250007019
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/bg-9-1611-2012.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| The EMEP/EEA guidebook 2009 for agricultural emission inventories reports an
average ammonia (NH3) emission factor (EF) by volatilisation of 55% of
the applied total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) content for cattle slurry, and
35% losses for pig slurry, irrespective of the type of surface or slurry
characteristics such as dry matter content and pH. In this review article, we
compiled over 350 measurements of EFs published between 1991 and 2011. The
standard slurry application technique during the early years of this period,
when a large number of measurements were made, was spreading by splash plate,
and as a result reference EFs given in many European inventories are
predominantly based on this technique. However, slurry application practices
have evolved since then, while there has also been a shift in measurement
techniques and investigated plot sizes. We therefore classified the available
measurements according to the flux measurement technique or measurement plot
size and year of measurement. Medium size plots
(usually circles between 20 to 50 m radius) generally yielded the highest
EFs. The most commonly used measurement setups at this scale were based on
the Integrated Horizontal Flux method (IHF or the ZINST method (a simplified
IHF method)). Several empirical models were published in the years 1993 to
2003 predicting NH3 EFs as a function of meteorology and slurry
characteristics (Menzi et al., 1998;
Søgaard et al., 2002). More recent
measurements show substantially lower EFs which calls for new measurement series
in order to validate the various measurement approaches against each other and to
derive revised inputs for inclusion into emission inventories. |
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