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| Titel |
The Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment: overview and airborne fire emission factor measurements |
| VerfasserIn |
R. J. Yokelson, T. Karl, P. Artaxo, D. R. Blake, T. J. Christian, D. W. T. Griffith, A. Guenther, W. M. Hao |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 7, no. 19 ; Nr. 7, no. 19 (2007-10-09), S.5175-5196 |
| Datensatznummer |
250005218
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-7-5175-2007.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| The Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment
(TROFFEE) used laboratory measurements followed by airborne and ground based
field campaigns during the 2004 Amazon dry season to quantify the emissions
from pristine tropical forest and several plantations as well as the
emissions, fuel consumption, and fire ecology of tropical deforestation
fires. The airborne campaign used an Embraer 110B aircraft outfitted with
whole air sampling in canisters, mass-calibrated nephelometry, ozone by UV
absorbance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and
proton-transfer mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to measure PM10, O3,
CO2, CO, NO, NO2, HONO, HCN, NH3, OCS, DMS, CH4, and up
to 48 non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). The Brazilian smoke/haze layers
extended to 2–3 km altitude, which is much lower than the 5–6 km observed at
the same latitude, time of year, and local time in Africa in 2000. Emission
factors (EF) were computed for the 19 tropical deforestation fires sampled
and they largely compare well to previous work. However, the TROFFEE EF are
mostly based on a much larger number of samples than previously available
and they also include results for significant emissions not previously
reported such as: nitrous acid, acrylonitrile, pyrrole, methylvinylketone,
methacrolein, crotonaldehyde, methylethylketone, methylpropanal, "acetol
plus methylacetate," furaldehydes, dimethylsulfide, and C1-C4
alkyl nitrates. Thus, we recommend these EF for all tropical deforestation
fires. The NMOC emissions were ~80% reactive, oxygenated volatile
organic compounds (OVOC). Our EF for PM10 (17.8±4 g/kg) is ~25%
higher than previously reported for tropical forest fires and may
reflect a trend towards, and sampling of, larger fires than in earlier
studies. A large fraction of the total burning for 2004 likely occurred
during a two-week period of very low humidity. The combined output of these
fires created a massive "mega-plume" >500 km across that we sampled on 8
September. The mega-plume contained high PM10 and 10–50 ppbv of many
reactive species such as O3, NH3, NO2, CH3OH, and
organic acids. This is an intense and globally important chemical processing
environment that is still poorly understood. The mega-plume or "white
ocean" of smoke covered a large area in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay for
about one month. The smoke was transported >2000 km to the southeast while
remaining concentrated enough to cause a 3–4-fold increase in aerosol
loading in the São Paulo area for several days. |
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