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| Titel |
Distribution of lead in single atmospheric particles |
| VerfasserIn |
D. M. Murphy, P. K. Hudson, D. J. Cziczo, S. Gallavardin, K. D. Froyd, M. V. Johnston, A. M. Middlebrook, M. S. Reinard, D. S. Thomson, T. Thornberry, A. S. Wexler |
| Medientyp |
Artikel
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| Sprache |
Englisch
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| ISSN |
1680-7316
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| Digitales Dokument |
URL |
| Erschienen |
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ; 7, no. 12 ; Nr. 7, no. 12 (2007-06-21), S.3195-3210 |
| Datensatznummer |
250005088
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| Publikation (Nr.) |
 copernicus.org/acp-7-3195-2007.pdf |
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| Zusammenfassung |
| Three independent single particle mass spectrometers measured Pb in
individual aerosol particles. These data provide unprecedented sensitivity
and statistical significance for the measurement of Pb in single particles.
This paper explores the reasons for the frequency of Pb in fine particles
now that most gasoline is unleaded. Trace amounts of Pb were found in 5 to
25% of 250 to 3000 nm diameter particles sampled by both aircraft and
surface instruments in the eastern and western United States. Over 5% of
particles at a mountain site in Switzerland contained Pb. Particles smaller
than 100 nm with high Pb content were also observed by an instrument that
was only operated in urban areas. Lead was found on all types of particles,
including Pb present on biomass burning particles from remote fires. Less
common particles with high Pb contents contributed a majority of the total
amount of Pb. Single particles with high Pb content often also contained
alkali metals, Zn, Cu, Sn, As, and Sb. The association of Pb with Zn and
other metals is also found in IMPROVE network filter data from surface
sites. Sources of airborne Pb in the United States are reviewed for
consistency with these data. The frequent appearance of trace Pb is
consistent with widespread emissions of fine Pb particles from combustion
sources followed by coagulation with larger particles during long-range
transport. Industrial sources that directly emit Pb-rich particles also
contribute to the observations. Clean regions of the western United States
show some transport of Pb from Asia but most Pb over the United States comes
from North American sources. Resuspension of Pb from soil contaminated by
the years of leaded gasoline was not directly apparent. |
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